彩神88 - 彩神88

【科普中国繁星追梦】双脚丈量求学路 黄土地培养出“最接地气”院士******

　　编者按：他们，是胸怀祖国、求真务实的科学家，奋斗在国家最需要的地方；他们，是人们眼中的学术“大神”，用超智慧的头脑，把论文写在祖国大地。他们，从学生时代走来，一步步成为了两院院士，引领着国家的科研发展。他们的青葱年代有哪些不为人知的故事？是否曾经也是“中二”少年？《科普中国繁星追梦》带你走进10位院士的璀璨人生。

　　本期嘉宾：张启发，中国科学院院士、华中农业大学教授、2018未来科学大奖-生命科学奖获奖者

　　开学第一课：与土地的“亲密接触”

　　张启发：开学的第一天，辅导员老师跟我们说：“同学们，今天刮了一天大风，要下雨了，学校里有几百亩黄豆要收回来，不然就烂在地里了。”我第一次在大学见到老师，老师说的前几句话就是叫我们去收黄豆，第二天还是收黄豆，连续收两天黄豆，这就是我的开学第一课。可能现在你们会觉得不可思议，但是当时因为我当了六年的农民，就觉得干就干，反正之前天天都是这样过的。

　　“最接地气”大学培养“最接地气” 院士

　　张启发：我们老师开玩笑说，周边的农民都把学校称作是“大砖”院校，为什么呢？因为学校的院墙是从水稻田里挖出的一块一块的土垒起来的，所以是“大砖”。

　　双脚丈量求学路

　　张启发：当时上荆州中学，我是从老家走到学校去的，而且我上学期间很多时候都是这样走过来的。尽管有公共汽车，但是那个时候一张车票要几毛钱，我不太舍得，就选择用双脚走。后来我还步行走到过韶山和长沙，当时走了一个星期才到韶山。

　　人不追求建树，与草木何异？

　　张启发：从小到大，我都有一个不改的初衷，就是人要有所建树。人之所以为人，作为一个个体，就是要追求建树，不然的话，引用《三国演义》里的一句话，叫做“与草木何异”，也就跟一般的动物没有什么区别。来到这个世界上，总要留下一点属于你自己的印记。所以我自己就是这样一个心态，不断地追求建树，总是想做得好一点，总想做一个最好的自己，这也是这一辈子干下去的源动力。

出品人

杨　谷

总监制

宋乐永

总策划

战　钊 宋雅娟

统筹|编导

宋雅娟 蔡　琳

文　案

蔡　琳谢　芸

摄　像

肖春芳

制　作

光明网科普事业部

联合出品

中国科协科普部、光明网、哔哩哔哩、未来科学大奖

中新网评：美国众议长选举“连续剧”暴露美式民主痼疾******

　　中新网北京1月9日电(蒋鲤)在15轮投票表决后，美国众议院议长选举这场“连续剧”终于落下帷幕，众议院共和党领袖凯文·麦卡锡最终成功当选第55任美国众议院议长。这是美国国会过去164年来耗时最久的一次议长选举记录，将美国“对抗式民主”的弊端暴露无遗。

　　资料图：美国众议院共和党领袖麦卡锡。中新社记者 沙晗汀摄

　　由于两党对立加剧、党派内斗、利益分配不均等因素，众议长选举陷入一场拉锯战。在此次众议长竞选中，美国民主党议员继续抱团，多轮投票中，一票不投麦卡锡，共和党右翼“强硬派”领头的约20人小团体也拒绝投票麦卡锡。

　　麦卡锡的当选之路一波三折，除了本人的“政治投机派”角色在国会不受欢迎外，与共和党内部政治分歧关系密切。

　　一方面，共和党党内反对者认为，麦卡锡对民主党态度过于软弱，无力对抗民主党控制的参议院和拜登政府，另一方面，因为共和党的多数优势微弱，党内一些影响力较小的派系的政治力量则被放大，有利于他们巩固自己的选票。

　　此外，党内反对者也认为，自己的选票没有换取更多利益，希望以此作为筹码换取麦卡锡更大的让步，比如让他们获得众议院重要委员会中的职务。

　　作为仅次于美国总统、副总统的政坛三号人物，众议院议长通常由众议院多数党领袖担任，选举几乎没有悬念。然而，麦卡锡此次为当选，不得不做出多个关键让步，其中可能包括恢复一项罢黜议长动议机制，使得众议长的权力被削弱，难以掌控众议院。

　　美国有线电视新闻网CNN称，麦卡锡在这场不合时宜的政治勒索中作出让步，这种绥靖政策只会让极端主义势力更加强大。

　　这场引发全世界围观的尴尬选举暴露出美国政治存在严重的对立和分化。在权力博弈思维的裹挟下，党派利益凌驾于国家和人民利益之上，美国两党相互拆台，陷入“为反对而反对”的无脑对垒。而即便是一党内，也会因为利益分配问题产生不同的小派系，相互对抗，选票变成了谋利益的工具。

　　从国会山骚乱到打破记历史记录的15轮众议长选举，“对抗式民主”让美国政治陷入瓶颈，长期对抗势必会让政客们丧失客观公正的判断能力，其政治阶层是否有能力治理国家也会引发质疑。

　　两党之争和党派内斗进一步放大了美国政治体制弊病，美国所谓的“民主”形象，让全世界大跌眼镜。鼓吹以选民利益为先的美式选举，变成了政客们利益置换的游戏，进一步彰显出美国“民主政治”日渐失能，不断极化的党争已使美国政治制度陷入死循环。

　　House speaker election reveals deep-rooted problems in U.S. democracy

　　(ECNS) -- The Republican leader Kevin McCarthy was elected as the 55th speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives after 15 ballots. As the most grueling House speaker election in the past 164 years, the election has highlighted the defects of the country’s "confrontational democracy".

　　The election once reached a stalemate due to intense partisan strife, inner-party struggle among the Republicans, uneven distribution of interests, and more. Democratic Party members forged a close alliance, refusing to vote for McCarthy, while about 20 Republicans also declined to cast ballots for the GOP leader.

　　Except for his unpopular role as a "political speculator" in Congress, McCarthy’s hard-won election can be attributed to turmoil within the Republican Party.

　　On the one hand, opponents in the Republican Party believe that the GOP leader's attitude toward the Democrats is too weak to confront the Senate controlled by Democrats and the Biden administration.

　　On the other hand, the political power of some less influential factions in the Republican Party has been amplified due to the Party’s weak majority advantage in the House of Representatives, which is conducive to consolidating their ticket warehouses.

　　Meanwhile, these opponents believe that their votes failed to win them more benefits, hoping to use this as a bargaining chip for McCarthy's further concessions, such as getting them positions in important House Committees.

　　As the third political figure after the President and Vice President of the U.S., the speaker, by tradition, is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives.

　　But McCarthy has made many concessions in order to bring the ultra conservatives along, involving what’s known as the “motion to vacate,” a mechanism by which members can force a vote to depose the speaker. The reported concessions will empower individual members at the expense of McCarthy’s sway as speaker.

　　CNN thought the concessions he made during this unseemly political shakedown would only make the extremist faction more powerful.

　　This embarrassing election, which has drawn global attention, exposed the serious opposition and polarization in American politics. Both Democrats and Republicans put their interests before that of the country and its people, attacking and opposing each other irrationally.

　　Besides, different factions arise within a single party and confront each other because of the distribution of interests. Votes have become a tool to win more benefits.

　　From Capitol riots to the House Speaker election with record-breaking ballots, "confrontational democracy" has become a bottleneck of American politics. Long-term confrontation will surely impede politicians to think objectively and fairly while their capacity of governing the country will also raise doubts among the public.

　　Both parties’ struggle and infighting among the Republicans have further amplified the defects of the American political system, with its "democratic" image shocking the world.

　　The U.S.-style election, which advocates putting voters' interests first, has become a game of interest exchange among politicians. In addition, it further demonstrates the malfunction of American "democratic politics" and the constantly polarized party struggle that has trapped the American political system into an infinite cycle.

　　（文图：赵筱尘 巫邓炎）